石油钻井设备基础知识培训
Drilling equipments basic knowledge training
胜利油田 新耐捷
目 录
Content
一， 钻井工艺基本知识 Drilling basic knowledge
二， 钻机类型及组成 Rig type and composition
三， 动力系统 Power system
四，旋转系统 Rotating system
五，提升系统 Hoisting system
六，循环固控系统 Circulating System
七，井控系统 Well Control System
一. 钻井施工基本知识
石油钻井：是指利用专用设备和技术，在预先选定的地表位置处，向下或一侧钻出一定直径的孔眼，一直达到地下油气层的工作。
Oil drilling: To drill certain diameter holes down or side to underground reservoir in pre-selected location using specialized equipment and technology.
钻井方法的发展：
（1）人工掘井：1521年之前。
（2）人力冲击钻：1521～1835年，是靠人力、捞砂筒、特殊钻头、悬绳、游梁等来完成的。
3）机械顿钻（冲钻）：1859～1901年，靠机械冲击作用破岩，破岩和清岩相间进行。
（4）旋转钻：1901年发展起来的，旋转钻井是靠动力带动钻头旋转，在旋转的过程中对井底岩石进行破碎，同时循环钻井液以清洁井底的钻井方法。旋转钻井又分为转盘钻井、井下动力钻具钻井、顶部驱动旋转钻井。
History of drilling:
(1) Manual drilling (dug well by hands): before the year of 1521.
(2) Manual impact drill: between the year of 1521 to 1835, drill holes by hand, bailer, special bits, hanging rope and beam, etc.
3) Mechanical percussion drilling (chopping drilling): between the year of 1859 to 1901, an earlier method of drilling used before the introduction of modern rotary methods. The bit used to break rock was not rotated but reciprocated by means of a strong wire rope. Rock breaking and cuttings clearing are conducted by turn.
(4) Rotary drilling: developed in the year of 1901; to break rocks by power driven rotating bit and clean well by circulating drilling fluid.
Rotary drilling includes rotary table drilling, downhole power drilling and top-drive rotary drilling.
钻井施工工序
Drilling procedures
开钻前施工
Work prior to spudding
1、定井位
1. Well locaton
2、道路勘察
2. Road survey
3、基础施工
3. Foundation construction
4、搬家
4. Move camp
5、安装设备
5. Equipment installation
钻井施工
6、一次开钻
Primary spudding
7、二次开钻
Secondary spudding
8、钻进
Drill ahead
9、起钻
Pull out
10、换钻头
Change bit
11、下钻
Run in hole
完井施工
Well completion
12、完井电测
Completion log
13、下套管固井
Run casing for well cementation
钻井就是利用钻机设备及破岩工具破碎地层形成井筒的工艺过程，目地是进行地质评价、发现油气藏、开发油气藏。
Drilling is the process of breaking formation by rig and rock-breaking tools to conduct geological evaluation, search for oil and gas reservoirs and develop oil and gas reservoirs.
施工工序:钻进→洗井→接单根→起下钻→完钻.
Procedures： Drilling ahead→ clean hole → make up a joint → round trip → finishing drilling .
固井就是向井内下入一定尺寸的套管串，并在其周围注入水泥浆，把套管固定到井壁上，避免井壁坍塌。
Cementation is the process of placement of liquid slurry of cement and water outside the casing run in the hole. It helps to fix casing to borehole wall against collapse.
施工工序：下套管至预定深度→装水泥头循环泥浆接地面管线→打隔离液→注水泥→顶胶塞→替泥浆→碰压→注水泥结束候凝。
Procedures: run casing to scheduled depth → Pick up cementing head. → Circulate mud 、 → Connecting ground pipeline → Pump spacer → Cement → Pump down the plug → Displace cementing →Bump plug → Complete cementing → Wait on cement .
导管Conductor ：用于将钻井液引到固控设备上，深度一般为10米以内。一般在钻前准备时完成。
To conduct drilling fluids to control equipments. The depth normally less than 10 meters. Generally completed prior to spudding.
表层套管(surface casing)：其作用是封隔地表部分的易塌、易漏地层和水层，安装第二次开钻的井口装置，控制井喷。其下入深度，根据地表部分松软的易塌、易漏地层和水层的深度而定。一般在100米左右。
To isolate easy collapse and leaky formation and water layer of surface, and be used for installing wellhead equipment for secondary spudding to prevent blowout. Its running depth depends on depth of strata likely to leak or collapse and water layer of surface. Its running depth is normally about 100 m.
技术套管(intermediate casing)：用于封隔用泥浆难以控制的复杂地层；无法堵塞的严重漏失层；非目的层的油气层；压力相差悬殊油、气、水层等。
To isolate formation hard to be isolated by cementation, leakage formation unable to be blocked and nontarget hydrocarbon reservoir as well as oil layer, gas layer and water layer with great pressure differential.
油层套管(oil-string casing)：用于以把不同压力和不同性质的油、气、水层分割开来，建立一条油、气流至地面的通道，保证能长期生产，满足合理开采油、气和增产措施的要求。油层套管的下深根据目的层的深度和不同的完井方法而定
To separate oil layer, gas layer and water layer with different pressure and properties, establish a pass way for oil and gas, guarantee long term production and meet the requirement of reasonably exploit reservoir and measures to increase production. The running depth depends on the depth of target formation and the different ways for well completion.
三，钻机类型及组成
Rig types and components
组成：石油钻机主要由动力机、传动机、工作机及辅助设备组成。一般有八大系统（起升系统、旋转系统、钻井液循环系统、传动系统、控制系统、动力驱动系统、钻机底座、钻机辅助设备系统），具备起下钻能力、旋转钻进能力、循环洗井能力。
The engine, transmission system, operating machine and all associated equipment required to drill a well, including eight systems: the elevator system, the rotating system, the drilling fluid circulating system, the transmission system, the control system, the driven system, the rig base and auxiliaries with capacity of tripping, rotary drilling and cleaning holes by circulating mud.
类型：根据钻井深度分为浅井钻机、中深井钻机、深井钻机，根据驱动方式分为机械驱动钻机、电驱动钻机，根据搬迁方式分为撬装钻机和车装钻机。
Divided into three types: shallow well rig, medium depth well rig, deep well rig according to different drilling depth ; divided into two types: mechanical driven rig and electric driven rig according to different driven way.; divided into two types: skid-mounted rig and truck mounted rig according to different moving way.
机械驱动钻机类型及特点
Mechanical driven rig types and features
类型：机械驱动钻机是指以柴油机为动力，通过液力变矩器、链条、齿轮、三角胶带等不同组合的传动形式所驱动的钻机，主要包括齿轮传动、胶带传动和链条传动三种形式，具有制造方便成本低的特点。
Type: Mechanical driven rig is a diesel powered rig driven by various combinations of hydraulic torque converter, chains, gears, triangle tapes. It has three transmission ways: gear transmission ,tape transmission and chain transmission .It has features such as convenient manufacturing and low cost.
现状：目前机械驱动石油钻机主要为链条钻机，采用链条作为主传动副，2~4台柴油机 ¡ª变矩器驱动机组，用多排小节距套筒滚子链条并车，统一驱动各工作机组，一般仍用胶带传动钻井泵。
Current situation: Mechanical driven rigs nowadays are mainly chain transmission rigs using chain transmission pair driven by two to four paralleled diesel engines with torque converter and several rows of small pitch sleeve roller chains together. Tape transmission also used to drive drilling pump.
大庆130钻机传动示意图
Drive diagram of DAQING 130 rig
电驱动钻机类型及特点
Types and features of electric driven rigs
类型：电驱动钻机包括直流电机驱动和交流变频电机驱动两种形式。 电驱动钻机具有传动柔和、调速性能好、操作方便灵活、模块体积小、安装移运方便、可靠性高、噪音小、污染小、节能等特点。
Type: Electric driven rig includes two types: DC motor driven rig and AC variable frequency motor driven rig. Electric driven rig has features such as soft transmission, good speed performance, flexible operation, small module, convenient installation and movement, high reliability, low noise, little pollution and energy-saving.
交流变频电机驱动：交流变频钻机则是采用AC-VFD-AC方式，通过VFD电传动控制系统将柴油发电机组所发出的电力变为变频可调的电流，采用交流变频器驱动无碳刷交流变频电机。
AC variable frequency motor driven rig: Adopt AC-VFD-AC system which transforms AC power generated by paralleled diesel generator into adjustable AC and drives brushless AC variable frequency motor through AC inverter.
旋转钻井钻机
动力系统 Power system
旋转系统 Rotating system
提升系统 Hoisting system
循环系统 Circulating System
井控系统 Well Control system
旋转钻井系统
Rotating system
四，动力系统(Power system)
柴油机 (Diesel engine)
发电机 (Generator)
传动机构 (Drive compound)
机械传动 (Mechanical power transmission)
柴油机-电传动 (Diesel －electric power transmission)
五，旋转系统(Rotating system)
转盘 (Rotary Table)
The main component of the rotating machine which turns the drillstring. It has a bevelled gear mechanism to create the rotation and an opening into which bushings are fitted.
转盘方补心 （Master Bushing)
A sleeve which fits into and protects the rotary table and accommodates the slips and drives the kelly bushing.
方补心 (Kelly Bushing)
A device which fits into the rotary table and through which the Kelly passes. The rotation of the table is transmitted via the kelly bushing to the kelly itself. Sometimes called the 'drive bushing'.
方钻杆 (Kelly)
The heavy square or hexagonal steel pipe which runs through the rotary table and is used to rotate the drillstring.
钻柱 (Drill string)
The string of drill pipe with tool joints which transmits rotation and circulation to the drill bit. Sometimes used to include both drill collars and drill pipe.
钻头 (Bit)
The cutting element at the bottom of the drillstring, used for boring through the rock.
转盘结构图
Rotary table structure chart
转盘是用来承托管柱重量，提供扭矩和转速。转盘实质上相当于一个特殊结构的角传动减速器，主要由箱体、转台、主轴承、副轴承、齿圈、 输入轴总成、锁紧装置、方瓦、箱盖等部分组成。
Rotary table is the main component of the rotating machine which turns the drillstring. It has a bevelled gear mechanism to create the rotation and an opening into which bushings are fitted. It is used to support column weight, provide torque and speed and it essentially an angle speed reducer of special structure .it includes shell, main bearings, vice bearings, ring gear, input shaft assembly, locking device, master bushing and cover, etc.
钻柱及组成 Drill string and its composition
The string of drill pipe with tool joints which transmits rotation and circulation to the drill bit. Sometimes used to include both drill collars and drill pipe.
钻头(Rock Bit) The cutting element at the bottom of the drillstring, used for boring through the rock.
六，起升系统(Hoisting system)
井架（Derrick)
A large load-bearing structure from which the hoisting system and therefore the drillstring is suspended.
绞车（Draw works)
The large winch on the rig which is used to raise or lower the drill string into the well.
钢丝绳 (Wire rope, fast line, dead line)
Fastline: the end of the drilling line which is attached to the drum of the draw works.
Deadline that part of the drilling line between the crown block and the deadline anchor. This line remains stationary as the travelling block is hoisted.
天车（ Crown block )
An assembly of sheaves or pulleys mounted on beams at the top of the derrick over which the drilling line is reeved.
游动滑车 (Traveling Block)
An arrangement of pulleys through which the drilling line is reeved, thereby allowing the drillstring to be raised or lowered.
大钩 （Hook)
The large component attached to the traveling block from which the drill stem is suspended via the swivel.
绞车结构及原理
Winch( draw works) structure and working mechanism
绞车是钻机的起升设备，主要用于起下钻具、下套管，控制钻压、送进钻具及起放井架等功能。一般包括滚筒轴、猫头轴、传动制动机构、润滑机构及壳体等组成，按轴娄分为单轴、双轴、三轴及多轴绞车，按滚筒数分为单滚筒和多滚筒绞车。
Winch is the hoisting equipment on the rig, which is mainly used for round trip, running casing, WOB control, sending tools and lifting and laying down derrick, etc. It generally includes roller shaft, cathead shaft, transmission and brake system, lubrication system and housing etc. It is divided into uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, and multiaxial winch according to number of axle and divided into single drum winch and multi-drum winch according to number of drums.
钻机绞车工作示意图
Winch working diagram
大钩结构及工作原理
Hook structure and working mechanism
大钩是起升钻具的重要设备，由钩身、杆、筒体、提环、止推轴承及弹簧组成，钩身能转动，钩口和侧构设有闭锁装置。大钩有缓冲减震装置，大钩和游车合为一体，称为游钩，是目前使用的主要形式。
Hook is an important component for lifting drill stem, which includes hook, rod, body, lift ring, thrust bearing and spring. Hook itself can rotate. Hook mouth and side hook have locking device. Hook has buffer and damping function. The hook and the traveling block together known as combination hook-block which is commonly used nowadays.
游车、天车结构及工作原理
Structure and working mechanism of crownblock and traveling block
天车是安装在井架顶部的定滑轮组，游车是在井架内部上下作往复运动的动滑轮组，主要由滑轮、滑轮轴、轴承、轴承座及支架组成。
Crownblock is an assembly of sheaves or pulleys mounted on beams at the top of the derrick over which the drilling line is reeved .
Traveling block is an arrangement of pulleys through which the drilling line is reeved. , thereby allowing the drillstring to be raised or lowered. It includes pulleys, pulley shaft, bearings, bearing pedestal and bracket.
七，循环固控系统
（Circulating solid control system)
泥浆泵（Mud pump)
A large reciprocating pump used tocirculate thedrilling fluid down the well. Both duplex and triplex pumps are used with replaceable liners. Mud pumps are also called 'slush pumps'.
立管(Standpipe)
A heavy wall pipe attached to one of the legs of the derrick. It conducts high pressure mud from the pumps to the rotary hose.
水龙头(Swivel)
A component which is suspended from the hook. It allows mud to flow from the rotary hose through the swivel to the kelly while the drillstring is rotating.
方钻杆(Kelly)
The heavy square or hexagonal steel pipe which runs through the rotary table and is used to rotate the drillstring.
钻柱(Drill stem)
Used in place of drillstring in some locations. Describes all the drilling components from the swivel down to the bit.
环空(Annulus)
The space between the drillstring and open hole or drillstring and cased hole in the wellbore.
出口管线(Flow line)
A trough or pipe through which the mud being circulated up the annulus is transferred from the top of the wellbore to the shale shakers.
震动筛(Shale shaker)
A series of trays with vibrating screens which allow the mud to pass through but retain the cuttings. The mesh must be chosen carefully to match the size of the solids in the mud.
除气器(Degasser)
A piece of equipment used to remove unwanted gas from the drilling mud.
除砂器(Desander)
A hydrocyclone used to remove sand from the drilling mud.
除泥器(Desilter)
A hydrocyclone used to remove fine material (silt size) from the drilling mud.
泥浆罐 (Mud pit) :
The mud pit from which mud is drawn into the mud pumps for circulating down the hole.
钻井液固控系统及机具
Solid control system
概念:钻井液固相控制就是要清除钻井液中的有害固相，保存有用固相，以满足钻井工艺对钻井液性能的要求。钻井液固相控制系统就是所有用于钻井液固相控制设备的总称。
Concept: Drilling fluid solid control is to remove harmful solid phase, save useful solid phase to meet the requirements of drilling fluid properties. Drilling fluid solid control system is the general term used for drilling fluid solids control equipments.
作用:防止油气通道堵塞、破坏，降低钻井扭矩和摩阻，降低环空抽吸的压力波动，提高钻井速度，延长钻头寿命，减轻设备的磨损等。
Role: To prevent oil and gas channel blockage, damage, lower drilling torque and friction, lower annulus suction pressure fluctuations, improve drilling speed and extend bit life, reduce wear and tear of equipment.
方法:常用的有稀释法、替代法、机械方法、化学方法等四种。机械方法是通过机械设备利用筛分、离心分离、重力分离等原理，将钻井液中的固相成分按颗粒、密度大小不同而分离开，以达到控制固相的目的。
Methods: The commonly used four methods are dilution method, substitution method, mechanical method and chemical method. Mechanical method is the use of screen, centrifugal separation or gravity separation by mechanical equipments to separate solid phase composition of drilling fluid by particles of different sizes and different density to achieve solid control purpose.
钻井液固控系统发展过程：
在20世纪50年代以前，并不使用机械装置来净化钻井液，到了20世纪50年代以后，开始采用钻井液振动筛、离心机来清除钻井液中的岩屑。60年代以后，国外油田开始采用4英寸除泥旋流分离器，六十年代中期，细目钻井液振动筛得到使用。70年代以后，超细目振动筛得到使用。80年代以后，钻井液固相控制从采用两级处理发展成为三级、四级、五级处理。
Drilling fluid solids control system history: The mechanical method has not been used to purify drilling fluid until 1950s. After that shale shaker and centrifuge were used to remove debris in drilling fluid. Since 1960s, four inches mud cyclone separator start to be used in foreign oil fields. Since mid-1960s, fine shale shaker start to be used. After 1970s, ultra-fine shale shaker start to be used. After 1980s, drilling fluid solids control process developed from two-stage processing into three, four, five -stage processing.
钻井中钻井液的循环程序：
钻井液罐 经泵→地面管汇→立管→水龙带、水龙头→钻柱内→钻头→钻柱外环形空间→井口、泥浆(钻井液)槽→钻井液净化设备→钻井液罐
Drilling fluid circulation procedures : Mud pit → Pump → Ground manifold → Standpipe → Swivel → Drill pipe → Bit → Annular space outside column → wellhead, mud (drilling fluid) duct → drilling fluid purification equipment → mud pit
某型钻井液循环流程示意图
Certain type drilling fluid circulation flowchart
井口出来的钻井液通过管线流入分配器，分别或同时输送到2个振动筛，经处理后进入到沉砂仓，经渡管进入到除砂仓。除砂泵吸入除砂仓的钻井液，钻井液经过渡槽进入到除泥仓。除泥泵吸入除泥仓的钻井液，钻井液经过渡槽进入到离心仓。离心机的立式供液泵吸入离心仓的钻井液，钻井液经过渡槽进入到储液罐。钻井泵吸入储液罐的钻井液，通过管线输送至井口。这样就完成了钻井液的循环流程。
Drilling fluid from wellhead flows into distributor through pipeline, being transmitted to two shale shaker separately or simultaneously, then flow into earthen pit after treatment, after that flow into desander through duct.
Sand pump inhales drilling fluid from desander, pumps it into desilter through aqueduct. mud pump sucks in drilling fluid from desilter ,pumps it into the centrifugal pit through aqueduct. Centrifuge vertical supply pump sucks in drilling fluid from centrifugal pit, pumps it into reservoir through aqueduct. Drilling pump suck in drilling fluid from tank, pumps it to wellhead through pipeline. Thus completes the process of drilling fluid circulation.
某型钻井液加重流程示意图
Certain type drilling fluid weight circulation flowchart
钻井液加重流程是钻井液固控系统流程中的辅助流程，通过向钻井液中加入重晶石等成份，增加钻井液的密度，保持井壁稳定，以满足钻井要求。4#罐的加重泵可以通过加重吸入管线直接吸入药品混合仓、加重混合仓、储备仓中的钻井液，经过加重漏斗加重处理后，通过加重排出管线输送到3#罐、4#罐各仓中。这样就完成了钻井液加重流程。
Drilling fluid weighting process is the supporting process of drilling fluid solids control system .By adding barite and other ingredients to drilling fluid, increase density of drilling fluid, maintain wellbore stability and meet drilling requirements.
Weight pump of 4 # tank inhales drilling fluid from chemical mix tank, weight mix tank and reserve tank through inhalation pipes. Pump it to # 3 tank, 4 # tank through weight discharge pipeline after weighted through hoppers. Thus completes drilling fluid weight process.
某型钻井液加药流程示意图
Certain type drilling fluid chemical feed flowchart
钻井液加药流程是通过向钻井液中加入化学处理剂，利用化学沉降的原理，去除有害固相成份改善钻井液性能的作用，提高井壁的稳定性，提高了机械钻速。
4#罐药品混合仓上部安装有加药罐，药品从加药罐经管线进入到药品混合仓，通过搅拌器搅拌混合后，由钻井泵通过吸入管线输送到井口。也可以由加重泵通过加重吸入管线吸入后，通过泥浆枪管线输送到1#罐补给仓、2#罐、3#罐各仓中。这样就完成了钻井液加药流程。
The chemical feed process: by adding chemicals to drilling fluid, making use of chemical deposition principle to remove harmful solids composition, improve drilling fluid properties, improve stability of borehole wall, and increase ROP.
There is a gallipot on top of 4 # chemical mix tank. Cchemicals is pumped into mix tank through pipelines. Drilling fluid is sucked in by drilling pump and be pumped to wellhead through pipeline after mixed by agitator .It can also be sucked in by weight pump through pipelines, be pumped to 1# supply tank, 2# tank and 3# tank through mud gun pipelines.Thus completes chemical feed process.
某型钻井液补给流程示意图
Certain type drilling fluid supply flowchart
钻井液补给流程是在起升钻具过程中，通过向井筒内补充钻井液，以保证井壁的稳定。1#罐左端设有补给仓，补给泵从补给仓中吸入钻井液，经排出管线输送至井口，井口返回的钻井液经分配器分支阀门调控进入到补给仓中。补给仓中的钻井液也可通过加重泵吸入储备仓中的钻井液，经过泥浆枪管线输送至补给仓。这样就完成了钻井液补给。
Drilling fluid supply is to improve the stability of borehole wall by adding drilling fluid into well hole while P.O.H.
There is a supply tank at the left of 1 # tank. Supply pump inhales drilling fluid from supply tank, pumps it to wellhead through discharge pipelines. Drilling fluid return from well head flows into supply tank through distributor valves. Drilling fluids can also be supplied by weight pump. Weight pump sucks in drilling fluid from reserve tank, pumps it to supply tank through mud gun pipelines. Thus completes the drilling fluid supply process.
钻井泵结构及原理
Drill pump structure and working mechanism
钻井泵多为卧式三缸单作用往复式活塞泵，由动力端总成、液力端总成和各部位的润滑系统及冷却系统组成。由动力机带动泵的曲轴回转﹐曲轴通过十字头再带动活塞或柱塞在泵缸中做往复运动。在吸入和排出阀的交替作用下﹐实现压送与循环冲洗液的目的。
Drill pump mostly are of horizontal triplex reciprocating piston type which includes power end assembly, hydraulic end assembly and lubricating system and cooling system. Engine drives crankshaft to rotate, crankshaft drives piston or plunger to do reciprocating motion through crosshead in pump cylinder. Suction valves and discharge valves act alternately to circulate flushing fluid.
钻井泵（Pump)
钻井泵工作原理
Drill pump structure and working mechanism
动力端通过皮带（或链条、万向轴）带动泵的主轴旋转，再通过曲柄连杆机构使活塞向右移动，缸内形成负压，上水池内的液体在大气压力作用下，顶开吸入阀进入缸内，直到活塞移到最右边位置完成吸入过程。活塞开始向左移动，缸内液体受到活塞的挤压而压力升高，吸入阀被关闭，排出阀被顶开，液体被活塞推出排出阀经排出管进入高压管汇，完成排出过程。
The engine drives main shaft to rotate by means of tape (or chain, cardan shaft). The main shaft pushes piston move towards the right through connecting rod to create negative pressure. The fluid in the mud pit is sucked in through the suction valve pushed open by the atmosphere pressure. The suction process is complete till the piston move to the right end. Then piston move towards left, push fluid into the high pressure manifold by the opened discharge valve .(while the discharge valve is opened, the suction valve is closed.) Thus the discharge process is completed.
钻井泵结构图
Drill pump structure chart
钻井泵工作示意图
Drill pump working chart
钻井泵部件
Drill pump components
水龙头结构及工作原理
Swivel structure and working mechanism
水龙头通过提环挂在大钩上，上部通过鹅颈管与水龙带相连，下部接方钻杆，连接下井钻具。水龙头主要由鹅颈管、冲管总成、中心管、壳体、提环和主轴承等组成，主要功用悬持旋转着的钻杆柱，承受大部分以至全部钻具重量；向转动着的钻具内输送高压钻井液。
Swivel is suspended from the hook via lift ring, the upper of which is connected with hose through gooseneck, the lower with Kelly which connect BHA. Swivel includes gooseneck , flush tube assembly, central tube, shell, lift ring and main bearings,etc.It is mainly used to suspend the rotating drill string, bear most or all weight of string and allows high pressure mud to flow from the rotary hose through the swivel to the kelly while the drillstring is rotating.
振动筛的结构示意图
Shale shaker structure diagram
振动筛主要通过电机带动激振器旋转，产生周期变化的惯性力，钻井液固相颗粒进入筛面，在筛面上做抛掷运动，将大小不等的固相颗粒分类去除。振动筛的分离颗径和处理量是振动筛选配的重要因素。
Shale shaker works through periodic changed inertial force produced by rotating of exciter driven by motor. Solid particles of drilling fluid fall on screen surface, bouncing on it, and be removed according to their various sizes. Mesh diameter and handling capacity is important factors for shale shaker selection.
振动筛的选择
Shale shaker selection
振动筛的技术水平主要反映在处理能力（处理量和分离粒度）、工作的稳定性．寿命的长短和操作的灵活性几个方面。振动筛的处理能力与振动筛的结构、运动轨迹、振动频率、振动强度、筛网面积和筛网的粗细有关。为了使振动筛与钻机匹配，就必须考虑钻井泵的最大排量及钻进中产生的钻屑量，即：
Q筛≥Q泵+Q屑
式中：Q筛 ——振动筛处理量，L/s;
Q泵——钻井泵最大排量,L/s;
Q屑——钻进中的钻屑量，L/s。
通常根据筛框的运动轨迹将振动筛分为圆筛、普通椭圆筛、直线筛、均衡椭圆筛四大类。
Technical performance of shale shaker mainly reflects in processing capacity (processing capacity and mesh size),work stability, work life ,operation flexibility . Processing capabilities depends on shaker structure, particle moving trajectory, shaker vibration frequency, vibration strength , screen size and mesh size. To match shale shaver with drilling pump, the maximum displacement of drilling pump and maximum cuttings amount generated by drilling shall be considered, that is :
Q screen ≥ Q pump + Q crumbs
Where: Q-sceen - vibrating screen processing capacity, L / s;
Q pump - drilling pump displacement, L / s;
Q crumbs - drilling cuttings in the amount of L / s.
Shale shaker is usually divided into four types :round shaker, ordinary oval shaker, linear shaker, and balanced elliptical shaker based on moving trajectory of screen frame.
普通椭圆筛：又称非均衡椭圆筛,是在筛箱质心的正上方固定有激振装置。它要求筛箱倾斜一个角度，利用重力强行排砂，以免砂粒有朝后抛掷的倾向。由此而来，筛箱倾斜确实改善了砂粒的移动性能，但振动筛处理钻井液的量减少了，这正是普通椭圆筛的主要缺点。
Ordinary oval shaker: also known as non-equilibrium oval shaker. There is a excitation device fixed directly above mass center of shaker box. It requires shaker box tilted at an angle, using gravity to desand and avoid sand being thrown backwards. Tilt of shaker box improves mobile performance of particles, but reduces shaker’s handling capacity which is its main drawback.
直线振动筛：两根带偏心块的主轴作同步反向旋转产生直线振动, 由于直线筛振动方向不变，使得卡入的颗粒不易脱落，而出现“筛糊”现象，使得筛网的有效过流面积减小，造成处理量下降，而且当筛网目数增大时，筛糊现象会更严重。因而，直线筛在使用超细目筛网时，就不可能满足钻井液用量的要求。
Linear shaker: Two shafts with eccentric spindle making synchronous reverse rotation produces linear vibration. Due to the unchanged vibration direction, stuck particles is not easy to fall off, resulting in 'screened paste” phenomenon, effective screen area reduction and processing capacity decrease .And with increase of sieve mesh number, screen paste phenomenon would be more serious. When ultra-fine mesh is used, it is unable to meet the requirements of drilling fluid.
均衡椭圆筛：是近几年发展起来的一种新筛型，筛箱上各点的运动轨迹如图,所有椭圆的运动轨迹的长轴和短轴相同，抛掷角的大小和方向完全一致。均衡椭圆筛结合了圆型振动筛和直线振动筛的基本优点，均衡椭圆筛的处理量较直线筛大20-30%，是一种比较先进的钻井液振动筛，代表着当今钻井液振动筛的发展方向。
Balanced elliptical shaker: a new shaker developed in recent years. Trajectory of each point of the shaker box shown in Figure. Long axes and minor axes of all elliptical trajectories are the same, the magnitude and direction of the throw angle is exactly the same. Balanced elliptical shaker combined basic advantages of oval shaker and linear shaker. Handling capacity of balanced elliptical shaker 20-30% larger than linear shaker .It is an advanced shale shaker indicating direction of today's drilling fluid shaker development.
除气器的工作原理
Degasser working mechanism
除气器用来清除气侵钻井液中的气体，保证钻井液性能相对稳定，保证旋流器能正常工作。除气器分为两大类：常压式和真空式。常压式除气器利用离心机抽吸气侵泥浆，借助离心力使泥浆在其喷射罐内喷射、撞击内壁，使气体释放出去。真空除气器利用真空泵的抽吸作用，在真空罐内形成负压，钻井液在大气压的作用下，通过吸入管进入空心轴，再由空心轴四周的伞片总成，呈喷射状甩向罐壁，在碰撞、真空及气泡分离器的作用，浸入钻井液中的气泡破碎，气体逸出，通过真空泵抽出并排往安全地带。
Degasser is used to remove gas in gas cut drilling fluid to ensure relative stability of drilling fluid performance and regular work of cyclone. It is divided into two types: atmospheric degasser and vacuum degasser. Atmospheric degasser uses centrifuge pump to inhale mud by the centrifugal force and slurry sprays in jet can hitting the inner wall to release gas.
Vacuum degasser uses vacuum pump to create negative pressure in vacuum tank. Drilling fluid flows into hollow shaft through suction pipe under atmospheric pressure. Through umbrella-chip assembly around hollow shaft, drilling fluid is sprayed towards the tank wall. Through collision, vacuum and the work of bubbles separator, the bubbles immersed in drilling fluid is broken and gas escapes which is pumped out to safe places.
除砂、除泥器的结构示意图
Desander and desilter structure diagram
除砂、除泥器都是由一组水力旋流器和一个处理旋流器底流并回收钻井液的小型超细网目振动筛组成。 液流从进液口切向进入后，由于离心力的作用，密度大的颗粒被甩向外壁，沿旋流器内壁螺旋下行流向底流口，密度小的液体则反向螺旋上行经涡流导管流出溢流口. 旋流器的名义尺寸越大，所除掉的固体颗粒越粗，所需要的工作压力越小，钻井液的处理量越大。 不同直径的旋流器的分离固相颗粒的粒径是不同的。除砂器的固相颗粒分离粒径为44～74μm，因此300mm的旋流器可以满足设计要求。除泥器的固相颗粒分离粒径为8～44μm，因此100mm的旋流器可以满足设计要求。
Desander and desilter both include a group of hydrocyclones and a small ultra-fine mesh shaker used to process flow of the cyclone end and recycle drilling fluid. Fluid flow into desander or desilter through inlet, due to the centrifugal force. Heavy particles are thrown towards outer wall, flowing to downstream end along the spiral inner wall of the cyclone while liquid of light density flows reverse along spiral wall to the outlet through the vortex tube. The larger the nominal size of cyclone are, the more crude of the solid particles handled, the lower work pressure required and the greater drilling fluid processed. Cyclone of different diameter can separate solid particles of different size. For particle size of 44 ~ 74μm , cyclone of 300mm can meet the design requirements. For solid particle size between 8 ~ 44μm, cyclone of 100mm can meet the design requirements.
除砂、除泥器的选择
Selection of desander and desilter
选用除砂器和除泥器时必须参考钻井泵的最大排量，以期达到匹配合理。无论是除砂器还是除泥器，都要保证能够全部处理钻井过程中的最大钻井液排量。除砂器、除泥器的钻井液处理量理论为：
Selection of Desander or Desilter shall consider the maximum displacement of drilling pump in order to achieve a reasonable match. Either the desander or desilter shall meet the requirement of handling the maximum displacement of drilling fluid. The handling capacity of desander or desilter shall be as following:
离心机的结构示意图
Centrifuge structure diagram
钻井液由加料管进入螺旋输送器内的空心轴，再流入转鼓内。由于转鼓在高速旋转，带动进入的钻井液一起旋转，钻井液中的固相被甩到转鼓壁上，由螺旋输送器推向小端的卸料孔排出，清洁钻井液作为溢流从转鼓大端的溢流口排出。
Drilling fluid flows into hollow shaft in screw conveyor from feeding pipe, and then flows into the drum. Drilling fluid rotates with high speed rotating drum. Solid phase in drilling fluid is thrown to drum wall, then pushed by screw conveyor to the discharge vent at the narrow end of drum. Cleaned drilling fluid is discharged through overflow outlet at the wide end of the drum.
离心机的选择
Centrifuge selection
离心机的选择受到要分离固相颗粒的粒径大小、离心机的转鼓直径、最高转速及分离因数的影响.钻井现场常用的是以固液密度差作为分离基础的沉降离心机，主要用来清除钻井液中2-lOμm的固相物质，是最后一级钻井液固控设备。
The selection of centrifuge depends on the size of solid particles, drum diameter, maximum rotating speed and separation factor. Precipitation Centrifuge manufactured basing on different solid-liquid density is commonly used on site. It is mainly used to remove solid particles of 2-lOμm in drilling fluid and it is the last stage of solid control system.
离心泵结构及原理
Centrifugal pump structure and working mechanism
离心泵就是通过旋转叶轮的动能产生流量，使液体流动。离心泵的基本构造是由六部分组成的，分别是：叶轮，泵体，泵轴，轴承，密封环，填料函。离心泵的效率取决于该叶轮的性能。离心泵与活塞泵相比，具有转速高，体积小，流量大，结构简单的特点；但泵压相对较低等，液体粘度对泵性能影响大，只能用于粘度近似于水的液体。
Centrifugal pump pumps fluid by kinetic energy generated by rotating impeller. The centrifugal pump basically includes: impeller, body, shaft, bearings, seal rings and packing materials. Centrifugal pump efficiency depends on performance of impeller. Compared with piston pumps, centrifugal pumps have features such as high speed, small size, large flow, simple structure. The shortcoming is that the pump pressure is relatively low. Fluid viscosity has significant impact on pump performance .It can only be used for fluid with viscosity close to water.
离心泵结构示意图
centrifugal pump structure chart
固控辅助机具
Auxiliary equipment of solid control
八，井控系统
Well Control system
球型防喷器（Annular BOP）
旋转防喷器（Rotating BOP)
闸板防喷器（Ram BOP）
方钻杆旋塞（Kelly cock）
压井管汇（choke manifold）
球型防喷器（Annular BOP）
闸板防喷器（ Ram BOP ）
旋转防喷器（ RBOP ）
地面节流管汇 Choke manifold
